Chapter 5: Internet and Web — Study & Revision Pack

📌 Section 1: Definitions (1-Mark Direct Concepts)

• Computer Network: An interconnection among two or more computers or computing devices to share data and resources.
  
  
• Node (Host): Any device connected to a communication network that can receive, create, store, or send data (e.g., computers, printers, routers).
  
  
• Ethernet: A set of standardized rules/protocols that determine how computers and devices connect and communicate via cables in a local network.
  
  
• Modem: A device that converts digital signals into analog signals (Modulation) at the sender's end and analog signals back into digital bits (Demodulation) at the receiver's end.
  
  
• MAC Address: A unique hardware address assigned to a Network Interface Card (NIC) to uniquely identify a device on a network.
  
  
• Network Topology: The physical or logical arrangement/layout of computers, cables, and peripherals in a network.
  
  
• URL (Uniform Resource Locator): A standard naming convention and web address that provides the exact location and access protocol for a resource on the World Wide Web.
  
  
• Web Server: A computer hardware or software system that stores website files and delivers them to client browsers upon HTTP requests.
  
  
• Dynamic Web Page: A web page whose content changes dynamically based on user interaction, database updates, or time-specific data.
  
  
• Cookie: A small text file saved on a user's browser by a website to store preferences, browsing history, and login sessions.
  
  

📝 Section 2: Short Notes (2 to 3 Marks)

1. Types of Networks (LAN vs. MAN vs. WAN)

• LAN (Local Area Network): Connects devices within a limited distance (up to 1 km) like a room, office building, or campus. Offers high data transfer speeds (10 Mbps to 1000 Mbps).
  
  
• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Covers a larger geographical area such as an entire city or town (extended up to 30–40 km). Example: Cable TV networks.
  
  
• WAN (Wide Area Network): Spans across cities, countries, or continents. The Internet is the largest example of a WAN.
  
  

2. Difference Between Hub and Switch

• Hub: A basic networking device that broadcasts incoming data to all connected ports, causing network congestion and data collisions.
  
  
• Switch: An intelligent device that inspects the destination address of arriving packets and forwards them only to the intended target device, avoiding collisions and filtering noisy/corrupted signals.
  
  

3. Router vs. Gateway

• Router: Receives, analyzes, and routes data packets between different networks (e.g., LAN to Internet) and can repackage data packets if required by another network.
  
  
• Gateway: Acts as an entry and exit point ("gate") between an organization's internal network and an external network. It handles protocol conversions and often integrates security firewalls.
  
  

4. World Wide Web (WWW) vs. Internet

• Internet: The physical, global infrastructure of interconnected computer networks, cables, routers, and devices.
  
  
• WWW: An information retrieval service operating on top of the Internet consisting of interlinked web pages and digital resources accessed via URLs and HTTP.
  
  

5. Static vs. Dynamic Web Pages

• Static Web Pages: Written in HTML/CSS/JavaScript with .htm or .html extensions. Content remains identical for every user and requires no server-side processing or database connection.
  
  
• Dynamic Web Pages: Created using server-side languages (Python, PHP, Java, ASP.NET). Content is retrieved from databases in real-time and generated uniquely for different users or actions (e.g., banking portals, weather sites).
  
  

6. Add-ons vs. Plug-ins

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