Biological-Instruments

1

Autoclave

Moist heat sterilization under pressure (121°C, 15 psi)

Sterilizes media, glassware, instruments

Essential in microbiology labs

2

Analytical Balance

Electromagnetic force compensation

Measures very precise mass

High sensitivity (mg–µg range)

3

Agar Plate (Petri Dish setup)

Solid growth medium supports microbial growth

Culturing microorganisms

Used with incubator

4

Air Sampler

Air suction and particle trapping

Collects airborne microbes

Used in environmental studies

5

Anaerobic Jar

Oxygen removal using gas packs

Cultivation of anaerobic bacteria

Airtight system

6

Biosafety Cabinet

HEPA filtration and laminar airflow

Protects user and samples from contamination

Types I, II, III

7

Binocular Microscope

Light magnification using two eyepieces

Viewing specimens in 3D clarity

Common teaching microscope

8

BOD Incubator

Controlled temperature and humidity

Measures Biological Oxygen Demand

Used in water analysis

9

Blood Gas Analyzer

Electrochemical sensors

Measures pH, O₂, CO₂ in blood

Clinical diagnostics

10

Blotting Apparatus (Western/Southern)

Capillary transfer or electrophoresis

Transfers DNA/RNA/proteins to membrane

Used in molecular biology

11

Burette

Gravity-based liquid dispensing

Accurate titration of solutions

Used in biochemical analysis

12

Bunsen Burner

Gas combustion

Heating, sterilization

Basic lab instrument

13

Centrifuge

Centrifugal force separates components by density

Separates cells, organelles, proteins

RPM/RCF dependent

14

Colorimeter

Absorbance of specific wavelength (Beer-Lambert law)

Measures concentration of substances

Less sensitive than spectrophotometer

15

Cryostat

Low-temperature microtomy

Cuts thin frozen tissue sections

Used in histology

16

Chromatography Apparatus

Differential partitioning between phases

Separation of biomolecules

Types: TLC, HPLC, GC

17

Colony Counter

Optical/manual counting

Counts bacterial colonies

Used in microbiology

18

Conductivity Meter

Electrical conductivity measurement

Determines ionic concentration in solution

Water quality analysis

19

CO₂ Incubator

Controlled CO₂ and temperature

Cell culture growth

Maintains pH via CO₂

20

DNA Sequencer

Fluorescence detection of nucleotides

Determines DNA sequence

Automated system

21

Distillation Unit

Differences in boiling point

Purifies liquids

Used for water purification

22

Dry Oven (Hot Air Oven)

Dry heat sterilization

Sterilizes glassware, metal instruments

160–180°C

23

Dialysis Apparatus

Semi-permeable membrane diffusion

Separation of small molecules from macromolecules

Used in biochemistry

24

Densitometer

Light absorption/scattering measurement

Quantifies bands in gels/blots

Used in molecular biology

25

Dissecting Microscope

Low magnification stereoscopic view

Study of larger specimens

Also called stereo microscope

26

Electrophoresis Apparatus

Movement of charged particles in electric field

Separation of DNA, RNA, proteins

Agarose/PAGE types

27

ELISA Reader

Antigen–antibody reaction with color change

Detects proteins, hormones, pathogens

Microplate-based

28

Electron Microscope

Electron beam instead of light

Ultra-structure visualization

TEM/SEM types

29

Endoscope

Fiber optics and light transmission

Internal organ visualization

Medical use

30

Fermenter (Bioreactor)

Controlled biological reactions

Large-scale culture of microbes/cells

Industrial biotech

31

Fluorescence Microscope

Fluorophore excitation and emission

Study labeled cells/molecules

High specificity

32

Flow Cytometer

Laser-based cell analysis

Cell counting, sorting

Immunology research

33

Freeze Dryer (Lyophilizer)

Sublimation under vacuum

Preserves biological samples

Long-term storage

34

Gas Chromatograph

Separation based on volatility

Analyzes gases and volatile compounds

Coupled with MS

35

Gel Documentation System

UV/visible imaging

Visualizes DNA/protein bands

Used after electrophoresis

36

Hemocytometer

Grid-based manual counting

Counts cells (RBC, WBC)

Simple and cost-effective

37

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

High-pressure liquid separation

Purification and analysis

Highly sensitive

38

Hot Plate

Electrical heating

Heating samples

Basic lab use

39

Incubator

Controlled temperature

Growth of microorganisms

Fixed temperature

40

Inverted Microscope

Light from below

Cell culture observation

Used in tissue culture

41

Ion Chromatograph

Ion exchange separation

Detects ions in samples

Environmental analysis

42

Kjeldahl Apparatus

Nitrogen estimation via digestion

Protein estimation

Classical method

43

Laminar Air Flow

HEPA filtered airflow

Sterile working environment

Used in tissue culture

44

Light Microscope

Visible light magnification

Basic observation of cells

Most common

45

Magnetic Stirrer

Magnetic field rotation

Mixes solutions

Often with heating

46

Microtome

Mechanical sectioning

Thin tissue slices

Histology use

47

Micropipette

Air displacement

Accurate liquid measurement

µL range

48

Microplate Reader

Optical detection in plates

High-throughput assays

ELISA compatible

49

Nanodrop Spectrophotometer

UV absorbance (micro-volume)

DNA/RNA quantification

Needs very small sample

50

pH Meter

Electrode potential difference

Measures acidity/alkalinity

Calibration required

51

PCR Machine (Thermal Cycler)

DNA amplification cycles

Amplifies DNA

Molecular biology core tool

52

Phase Contrast Microscope

Light phase differences

Observes live cells

No staining needed

53

Polarimeter

Optical rotation

Measures chiral compounds

Biochemistry use

54

Refractometer

Light refraction

Measures concentration/RI

Sugar, protein estimation

55