Chapter 5: Internet and Web — Study & Revision Pack

📌 Section 1: Definitions (1-Mark Direct Concepts)

• Computer Network: An interconnection among two or more computers or computing devices to share data and resources.
  
  
• Node (Host): Any device connected to a communication network that can receive, create, store, or send data (e.g., computers, printers, routers).
  
  
• Ethernet: A set of standardized rules/protocols that determine how computers and devices connect and communicate via cables in a local network.
  
  
• Modem: A device that converts digital signals into analog signals (Modulation) at the sender's end and analog signals back into digital bits (Demodulation) at the receiver's end.
  
  
• MAC Address: A unique hardware address assigned to a Network Interface Card (NIC) to uniquely identify a device on a network.
  
  
• Network Topology: The physical or logical arrangement/layout of computers, cables, and peripherals in a network.
  
  
• URL (Uniform Resource Locator): A standard naming convention and web address that provides the exact location and access protocol for a resource on the World Wide Web.
  
  
• Web Server: A computer hardware or software system that stores website files and delivers them to client browsers upon HTTP requests.
  
  
• Dynamic Web Page: A web page whose content changes dynamically based on user interaction, database updates, or time-specific data.
  
  
• Cookie: A small text file saved on a user's browser by a website to store preferences, browsing history, and login sessions.
  
  

📝 Section 2: Short Notes (2 to 3 Marks)

1. Types of Networks (LAN vs. MAN vs. WAN)

• LAN (Local Area Network): Connects devices within a limited distance (up to 1 km) like a room, office building, or campus. Offers high data transfer speeds (10 Mbps to 1000 Mbps).
  
  
• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Covers a larger geographical area such as an entire city or town (extended up to 30–40 km). Example: Cable TV networks.
  
  
• WAN (Wide Area Network): Spans across cities, countries, or continents. The Internet is the largest example of a WAN.
  
  

2. Difference Between Hub and Switch

• Hub: A basic networking device that broadcasts incoming data to all connected ports, causing network congestion and data collisions.
  
  
• Switch: An intelligent device that inspects the destination address of arriving packets and forwards them

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